How to Make a Waterfall Firework

A waterfall firework produces a long-lasting shower of glittering sparks, like a fiery waterfall. Here are instructions for making a waterfall firework yourself. This is a bright firework, intended to produce sparks that fall 20-30 feet. The waterfall may be suspended in the air or over a drop, as from a bridge. Waterfall Firework Mixture Potassium perchlorateMixture of 50-100 mesh aluminum and titanium and 300-400 mesh aluminum10% dextrin in water Prepare the Firework Mix together equal parts of potassium perchlorate and the metals with enough dextrin solution that you can pack the mixture.Press the composition into paper tubes approximately 8-1/2 inches x 5/8 inches (internal diameter). You can make the tubes using rolled regular paper, secured on the ends and middle with masking tape. Leave 1/2 inch open at the end of the tube for your ignition mixture.Combine equal amounts of waterfall firework mixture with gunpowder to make an ignition mixture. Pack ignition mixture and a fuse into the last 1/2 inch of the paper tube.Let the firework dry for a day or longer.Suspend a series of the waterfall tubes 20-30 feet in the air, using wire. Link the tubes together using quickmatch.When its time, light the quickmatch and enjoy the show! Waterfall Firework Safety Be sure the wire used to attach the firework to the supporting structure can withstand the heat of the firework. The burning metal produced by the firework will ignite any grass or brush underneath, so be sure to light this firework over a clean, fireproof area. Expect the sparks to be very hot, so let them burn out on their own. Dont attempt to stamp them out. Reference: Kurt Schumacher, pyrocreations.com Disclaimer: Please be advised that the content provided by our website is for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. Fireworks and the chemicals contained within them are dangerous and should always be handled with care and used with common sense. By using this website you acknowledge that ThoughtCo., its parent About, Inc. (a/k/a Dotdash), and IAC/InterActive Corp. shall have no liability for any damages, injuries, or other legal matters caused by your use of fireworks or the knowledge or application of the information on this website. The providers of this content specifically do not condone using fireworks for disruptive, unsafe, illegal, or destructive purposes. You are responsible for following all applicable laws before using or applying the information provided on this website.

Gay Couples Adopting - 1042 Words

Homosexuals must be allowed to adopt children just like any other couple who want to do the same thing. A child needs love, respect and a home in which they can assure themselves that there will be someone there to care for them. As in the example, there is no need for a dad and a mom who will always be arguing about the shared custody. Just because their parents are homosexuals does not mean that the child will grow up to be the same. Everyone is different and will grow up to be what they want to be. Children don’t always come out exactly like their parents. These children aren’t any different. They will grow up to think for themselves and decide their own sexuality. There are many people who oppose gay couples being allowed to raise†¦show more content†¦Tim Pope said, Homosexual people are unstable in their lifestyle-period. It is said that there is no real evidence supporting the fact that homosexuals are not able to provide a stable home. I would like to conclude my speech on the general purpose. Next I would like to talk about the anti-homosexual adoption side of the debate. First I will restate the cons of the situation. The Child Welfare League of America says that every time a group was introduced to be able to adopt, there was controversy. The adoption family center says that there is no evidence to suggest that the children of lesbian and gay parents are less intelligent, suffer from more problems, are less popular, or have lower self-esteem than children of heterosexual parents. All of the research to date states that lesbians and gay men are not unfit to be parents. A homosexual relationship implies the exercise of illegal ac tivities, and no child should be permitted to enter that type of setting, he said. The fact of the matter is that good parenting does not dwell on the fact of sexual orientation but the fact of a loving and nurturing home. Homosexual relationships are said to last a shorter amount of time than heterosexual relationships. It is saidShow MoreRelatedArgumentative Essay About Gay Adoption1295 Words   |  6 PagesCorri Fairfull Discursive Essay-Gay Adoption Gay adoption is a subject which is widely debated. However over recent years gay adoption has allowed for most gay couples who want to adopt young children and give them a good quality of life, which they would have if they lived with their biological parents or a heterosexual couple, to do so. One positive view of gay adoption is that it gives the gay couple the chance to start their own family and give a child in care a new start to life in a lovingRead MoreShould Same Sex Couples Be Allowed to Adopt?954 Words   |  4 Pages2/8/13 Should Same-Sex Couples Be Allowed To Adopt? As time progresses societies view on certain subjects has become more lenient. One thing that still can cause an uproar seems to be what women decide to do with their children once they become pregnant, whether it be abortion or adoption. Even more controversial on the latter subject seems to be who can and cannot adopt children who are being put up for adoption. This leads to the topic of the argument, should same sex couples be allowed to adoptRead MoreGay Adoption Should Be Legal1355 Words   |  6 Pagesbut now that same sex-couples want to adopt children adoption has becomes very brutal. Same sex-couples are having trouble to get their marriage right now states are banning adoption rights. Although gay adoption could negatively impact the child s life, gay adoption should be allowed and enforced in every states in the U.S. Gay adoptions have been around for a very long time, but throughout time, many states and cities have passed laws allowing adoption to same sex-couples and have banned the rightRead MoreThe Debate On Marriage And Parenting Rights For Gay And1673 Words   |  7 PagesThe debate on marriage and parenting rights for gay and lesbian individuals has been one of the most hotly contested social issues in recent history. While many arguments are cited to prevent gay couples from enjoying equality, these arguments ultimately condense to concerns rooted in homophobia. Opponents of the LGBT community contend that same sex parenting contradicts the natural order of the world, subjects children to unnecessary societal stigma, and that the state has a right to favor heterosexualRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography Essay1443 Words   |  6 PagesAnnotated Bibliography Stone, A.. Both sides on gay adoption cite concern for children. Usa today. Gannett Co. Inc., 2006. Web. 18 Apr 2012 The article is about a couple who is gay having to move in order for both gay parents to get custody of the adopted child. It talks about the statistics of foster care and the number of kids being adopted right now. The numbers are very low and even for gays, its extremely low. It also states that gays are some good candidates for adoption but not beingRead MoreEssay on Gay Adoption 1060 Words   |  5 Pagesmany of those children could be adopted if more lesbian and gay couples were able to adopt. According to lifelong adoption agencies more and more gay and lesbian couples are becoming parents through artificial insemination, a surrogate, or LGBT adoption. It’s hard for same sex couples to adopt because adoption agencies that have religious beliefs against same sex couples reject them, or a state law prohibits same sex parents. Same sex couples face much opposition from a large number of people even thoughRead MoreThe Rights Of The Gay Rights890 Words   |  4 Pagessubsta ntial battle waged by this generation is the one for LGBT rights. Great strides have been made for the gay community over the past several years, culminating with the Supreme Court ruling to recognize gay marriages as legal in all fifty states. However, the fight for homosexual equality is far from over. Despite having gained the right to marry-which was seen by many as the main focus of the gay rights movement- many people are still discriminated against in a variety of arenas every day because ofRead MoreBenefits Of Same Sex Marriage1687 Words   |  7 PagesBenefit of homosexual Marriage in the U.S.A How do we look at the gay marriage? Did they have freedom in the U.S? What are their rights? In 1958, the supreme court of the United States said they can’t support gay marriage. Through this journey from that time until now, American change a lot of rules for the gay marriage as a legal protection against discrimination, they can marry in at least seventeen states and adopt children (Walter Frank 1).In additional they can get married at most in 36 states(StewartRead MoreSame Sex Parenting is Just as Effective as Straight Parenting997 Words   |  4 Pagesadoption. Then there is a same sex couple wishing to be able to adopt a child so their family can be complete, but sadly the same sex couple can’t adopt the child because of anti-gay groups that frown upon it. Think about it this way, would you rather have a sad and lonely child stuck in an adoption center, or a happy child with loving same sex parents that love him and keep him safe? Gay parents are no less of a goo d parent because of their sexuality. Gay parents are just like any other parentRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal892 Words   |  4 Pagesbe finally laid to rest. The first state to legalize same-sex marriage was Massachusetts in 2004. There was not a last state to legalize gay marriage. The supreme court realized how many states were now legalizing it, so they just had all of the states left legalize it as well. ProCon.org supplies information that â€Å"Twenty-six states were forced to legalize gay marriage because it was the court s decision, eight by state legislators, three by popular vote, twelve by state law, and one by constitutional

Wolf Creek Analysis Free Essays

Greg McLean and released in February 2014, is a film which everyone should see because of the clever way stereotypes are challenged, Australian values are shown, and cinematography shows the natural beauty of outback Australia. Wolf Creek 2†³ Is about a couple of foreign travelers backpacking around Australia who are disturbingly interrupted by an outback serial killer who then turns on a traveler attempting to save them. Behind the horror, Australian values are made clear, stereotypes of Australian culture are challenged and the natural beauty of Australia is shown to the audience. We will write a custom essay sample on Wolf Creek Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Australian value of home being an open door and welcome to all Is shown In â€Å"Wolf Creek 2†. This is evident when the injured and dehydrated victim, Paul, collapses on the doorstep of a secluded country house. Upon waking up, he finds himself in a bed, with his clothes washed and folded neatly beside him. Confused and delusional, Paul is greeted by an old couple who then proceed to serve him a home cooked meal. â€Å"l made it special, for you† was a statement made by the elderly lady as she served Paul the food – even though he was a total stranger, This Is significant because she took him In like she would her own some This series of events encourages viewers to believe the fact that Australians believe a home is a place of welcoming and that anyone in need can feel comfortable. Wolf Creek 2†³ challenges the stereotypical belief that Australia is meant to be a friendly country which backpackers feel safe In. This film displays backpacking In two ways, contrasting the stereotype. For example, the couple Is shown enjoying their experience, being picked up by numerous people and engaging In friendly conversation with them. This is the stereotypical belief being displayed. Although, the people refuses an offer from serial killer Mica Taylor for a ride – which consequently results in them being victims of a vicious attack. This scene portrays Australia to be an unsafe environment for backpackers – completely opposite to the foreigner’s beliefs. The Inclusion of this Idea In the film forces viewers to question the conventional Idea behind the culture of backpacking In Australia. Phenomenal cinematography exhibits the stunning nature that is of outback Australia. Numerous wide shots were used of the mountains, grassed areas and wolf reek itself. This was done to show the viewer the full scale natural aspects of Australia. Birds-eye shots were taken of the long, endless, deserted highways to show the distance that the backpackers were traveling as well as the Isolation of the area. The grass – assisting in creating the Australian outback feel. The audience is challenged to consider whether the beautiful aspects of the Australian outback are masking the horrors happening in the very same place. â€Å"Wolf Creek 2† is a film which challenges the stereotypical Australian culture and aloes as well as displays the amazing nature of the Australian landscape. It supports the value of a home with an open door – a value which many viewers can identify with. Backpacking stereotypes are challenged by the series of murders; contrasting with the belief Australia is a friendly place for this leisurely activity. Finally, cinematography captures the spectacular landscape of outback Australia. Following the Journey of the backpackers takes the viewers on a Journey of understanding, shock and realization – making this movie a significant Australian film. How to cite Wolf Creek Analysis, Papers

Logistics and Supply Chain Management Existing Logistics

Question: Describe about the Logistics and Supply Chain Management for Existing Logistics. Answer: Introduction Australia's logistic industry chain is one of those sectors which are suffering for the regimes remote location and relatively isolated position from the other domains of the world. Frequent issues in the logistic department of Australia cover various import and export challenges associated with supply chain management of both international and domestic logistic (Fahimnia et al. 2013). Issues in the logistic industry act as a curse as most of the business industries in Australia depend upon industries like logistics and transportation to some extent to hold cost-competitive and profitable business operations (Prajogo and Sohal 2013). The concerned report aims to prepare an in-depth analysis of the current issues in the network of logistics in Australia. Additionally, it attempts to produce some useful mitigation strategies to overcome the problems. To identify the current frequent problems and before determining soluble method, the assignment initially starts with having a concise understanding of the background of the selected organization of Australia Qube Logistics. The report after that follows to judge the stability of the existing logistics management strategies of the company. Background of Qube Logistics Foundation history Qube Logistics is one of the leading enterprises of the logistics industry in Australia which operates stevedoring facilities at 29 ports of Australia and specifically promotes freight services in between local domains of New South Wales, Melbourne, Victoria, and Adelaide. Foundation of the company is considered to be the eventual outcome of the acquisition of the stevedoring, automotive and both landside and marine logistics and transport operations by the fund's management of Kaplan (Qube.com.au 2016). Kaplan group obtained this extensive range of business operations from the DP world and only kept DP world as a minor shareholder of the newly launched business of PO in both stevedoring and transport. However, later this joint venture of PO Company of navigation under the Kaplan group renamed as POAGS with 25% financial assistance from the DP world. Fortunate enough that after the process of rebranding, the POAGS found a large number of shareholders ranging from big head internation al investors to shipping companies with the facility of investment scheme of ASX worth of 200 million Australian dollars (Qube.com.au 2016). It has been in the year 2011, the ultimate formation of the logistic and infrastructure Association of Kaplan which is the new Qube Logistics settled after having corporatization of existing assets of logistics. Aim of Qube Qube Logistics aims to keep the commitment of giving a complete solution for the commercial property problems. In this context, it is significant to bear in mind that Qube Logistics has earned the capacity to ensure fruitful outcome for both the internal and external stakeholders as they possess an active assistance of the division of strategic assets. Additionally, the company maintains a brief knowledge about the demand and condition of the domestic market and business sectors. Qube, therefore, paves their way of achievement with the help of strategic asset projects which have been prompted by the increasing amount of investment in the joint business venture. Assistance of vital resources of Qube The division of strategic assets has been formed keeping in mind about the growing trend of capital and property investment and especially considering the increasing volume of business ventures of Qube. The division's four major assets include Minto properties, the joint venture of Quattro, TQ and the logistic part of Moorebank. Minto properties are a 29.6-hectare industrial property that is designed in the location of the freight rail connection having potential transport infrastructure as well as favorable access to some major highways like Hume Highway (Qube.com.au 2016). The joint venture of Quattro has been established with the cumulated association of top grain exporters such as Cargill Australia, Emerald Grain and the noble group of Hong Kong. The consequence of this Quattro joint venture seems to provide benefits of cost saving supply chain management. It is a disagreeable fact that the venture only focuses on the handling depot of port Kembla which can turn negative for the profitable growth of the company as the enterprise should have given importance to Port Stephens and Port Botany. The essentiality of the facilities of fuel storage in Australia has made Qube concerned to ingrain a joint venture between TonenGeneral and the holding department of Qube group. The decision to choose TonenGeneral is that the company has been considered to be the second largest oil refiner of Japan who is also renowned for grabbing the place of the greatest exporter of oil products to Australia. This particular asset strategy is supposedly designed to give fuel storage availability to Port Kembla near the port of New South Wales. Therefore, again it proves the companys sole concern upon Port Kembla, while ports like Ulladulla harbor, port hunter are also in need of fuel storage availability. Probably, the most valuable strategic asset of Quba is the inauguration of the largest and dominating intermodal zone of freight- the Moorebank Park of logistics worth of 243 hectares. It should be considered that this particular strategic asset have most fruitful possibilities for Qube as the development of the intermodal zone has been proposed to have the capacity to transport near about 1.05 million worth of import-export goods (Qube.com.au 2016). Adopted technologies Most importantly, the enterprise still has not found its competitor and the management believes that the credit must rely upon the cutting-edge style of technology taken by the Qube association. As per Lee and Wu (2014), the success of a logistic and infrastructure based enterprises depends on upon the strength of their mechanical system which is an essential aspect of logistic and infrastructure industry. Qube Logistics include four major technical aspects which are visibility system for warehouse and department of transport, real time, online and global tracking and tracing system and Geofence which is advanced GPS based. Qubes logistic management related to a current issue Before understanding the strategic ways Qube utilize to manage supply chain management issues in Australia, it is necessary to identify the pivotal problems which are being most frequent in Australia and specifically in the New South Wales (NSW). Chief dilemmas in the logistic industry of NSW According to Guimarans, Harabor and Van Hentenryck (2015), difficulties in the logistic industry of Australia and specifically NSW includes several risks related to inefficient regulation policies, terrible urban congestion, constraints pertaining investment and planning. Most significantly, the ageing workforce and ambiguous investment strategies for infrastructures should not be neglected in this context. It is essential to consider that the national account of Australia has ignored a good amount of freight transport which is supposed to be conducted by the individual enterprise on their individual account (Gilmour 2013). Surprisingly there has been little account about these cargo transports as these have been long enlisted in the name of primary industries under the alleged companies for a national account. As argued by Ghaderi, Cahoon and Nguyen (2016), the incoherent definition of ancillary transport which is the unaccounted freight transport business is supposed to be one of the main reasons for which the national account misses the chances for several logistic and supply chain activities. Unfortunately, due to the excessive practice of ancillary transport, there has been found the lack of opportunities to export and import beneficiary products for both the international and domestic customers. Recently, the rail freights are largely losing mode shares to the freights of the road on tiny hauls between cities like Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. It is fortunate to see that mitigation for the short haul road and rail services is being conducted with the help of infrastructure investments of supply chain and intermodal gates by companies like Qube (Fahimnia et al. 2015). It should not ignored that the industry in general, is facing a challenge regarding those customers who are more risk-focused and is currently moving to those operators who have the blue chip containing multimodal facilities (Sutton 2013). It is not a ignorant fact that the traditional system of logistics and infrastructure services are suffering from the increasing demand of online shopping. Online shopping is proving daunting for the probable growth of the mortar retail systems. It is unfortunate to notice that, in NSW recently the capacity of infrastructure is finding pressures due to the rising cost of industrial productivity (Coyle et al. 2016). Similarly, rapid inflation in the cost of fuel and constraints in passing fuel levies are also proving detrimental for the overall logistic department of Australia. At the same time, the logistic and supply chain department of NSW is encountering one of the most crucial perils which are the frequent changes in the regulatory landscapes with the amenabilities in the workload (Waters and Rinsler 2014). The most tenacious obstacles for the general freight transporters may be the current pressures they are facing due to the matter that freight handling for containers is grabbing the same expense required for long distance freight actions (Bichou, Bell and Evans 2013). Instead of all of these, the staple confrontation of being too reluctant to admit and take action for the impact of growing cost technical development should not be tolerated for too long. Qube's strategic approach to the current issues Considering above mentioned major obstacles to the positive growth of logistic departments and supply chain management, Qube Logistics has already taken concern with the help of the division of strategic assets. Being concerned about the transforming regulatory landscape, the company has planned to build an easy and accessible rail connection to the Southern freight line of Sydney which will cumulate with the park of Moorbank logistics. On the other hand, considering the increasing rate of transport cost, Qube has designed and developed the Minto properties and has already submitted the application of development for the approval of state planning. The project seems prospective as its strategic location will give favorable accessibility to some of the major highways of NSW (Qube.com.au 2016). However, it is assuring to see that the company is concerned about the rising customer demand of the local regime of New South Wales, for which Qube has established a new handling depot near Port Kembla of NSW. Significant enough, with the help of this strategic asset Qube possesses the hope of keeping a cost saving supply chain management. It is however quite unsatisfactory as unlike Minto properties, the new cost saving approach of Qube seems an act of partiality as there are many more other ports which needs help of joint venture like Quattro. Qubes recently proposed consortium for providing complete payment to the dividends which are franked permitted (Carter 2016). Considering the strategic assets of Qube, the ground becomes clear that the company prefers to follow the model of logistic regression. As opined by Allison (2012), the regression model is the concept through which an enterprise can conduct a flawless risk assessment. The regression model is used for predicting any pa rticular circumstance. Qube's strategic assets are the possible results of Qubes ongoing concern about the customer demand for the local place of NSW and less accessibility to some of the most important highways of Australia, which they have earned following the regression model. Most recently, Qube has involved itself in the battle with Canadian Brookfield to take over the control of the Asciano group of Australia which is supposed to be one of the largest freight operators of rail chain in the Pacific National (ABC News 2016). With strategic projects like Moorebank intermodal, fortunately, the enterprise has won the battle as the board of directors of Asciano has suggested their stakeholders to grant Qube's superior offer. Recommendations to manage issues Considering the present challenges in the logistic industry of Australia and specifically of NSW, it is significant to suggest that leading and aspiring companies like Qube should procure the initiative approaches taken by the NSW government. NSW Premier proposed the statement of NSW government on Innovation, with the help of SAHA International to enhance the economic growth of Australia in general and for the development of the freight industry in particular. It will bring more fortune for Qube if the company will involve itself more strongly with this Innovation scheme as the NSW governments main objective behind launching this scheme regarding logistics is to strengthen the innovative thinking in change management, innovative entrepreneurship and leadership to gain sustainable work practices. Less attention has been paid to resolve issues among shareholders, bond holders and managers of companies of logistic industry which has affected the workplace practices. As opined by Zu and Kaynak (2012), the concept of Agency Theory is known for alleviating conflicts between management and shareholders. The theory chiefly focuses on to align individual goals of industry principles and therefore to make a reconciliation between the agents of risk and principles. It would help if Qube followed the action model of Agency theory though which they can appropriate choose potential agents and shareholders in future. Nonetheless, by the national objective of NSW which to make the tasks of freights by the end of 2031 to ensure the maximum financial growth of NSW, Qube should participate strongly to heighten the network efficiency. Instead of TonenGeneral, Qube needs to collaborate with some of the major oil refineries in South East Asia to provide storage facilities to other major ports like Port Kembla. It is astonishing to see that the enterprises most of the strategic assets are more oriented with port Kembla, while there are several other ports which possess possibilities to prove beneficiary for NSW. Qube needs to give importance to ports like port Hunter, Botany, Jackson and should give effort to provide fuel storage or at least warehouse facilities to these ones. Conclusion The above report outlines that there may be a handful of issues and challenges frequently met by logistics companies like Qube however; the government of NSW has not shown any ignorance in this matter. The Innovation scheme of NSW government with the help of SAHA International is probably the most potential initiative taken by the government to enhance economic growth through developing the logistic industry. Nevertheless, it can be concluded from the assignment that instead of having four major strategic assets, Qube should strengthen their relationship with NSW government and take active participation in the Innovation project. References ABC News. (2016).Extended interview with Qube's Managing Director Maurice James. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-04/extended-interview-with-qube's-managing-director/7142046 [Accessed 20 Sep. 2016]. Allison, P.D., 2012.Logistic regression using SAS: Theory and application. SAS Institute. Bichou, K., Bell, M. and Evans, A., 2013.Risk management in port operations, logistics and supply chain security. CRC Press. Carter, M. (2016).Qube gains upper hand in Asciano takeover battle. [online] Railjournal.com. Available at: https://www.railjournal.com/index.php/australia-nz/qube-gains-upper-hand-in-asciano-takeover-battle.html [Accessed 20 Sep. 2016]. Coyle, J.J., Langley, C.J., Novack, R.A. and Gibson, B., 2016.Supply chain management: a logistics perspective. Nelson Education. Fahimnia, B., Bell, M., Hensher, D. and Sarkis, J. eds., 2015.Green logistics and transportation: A sustainable supply chain perspective(Vol. 4). Springer. Fahimnia, B., Reisi, M., Paksoy, T. and zceylan, E., 2013. The implications of carbon pricing in Australia: An industrial logistics planning case study.Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment,18, pp.78-85. Ghaderi, H., Cahoon, S. and Nguyen, H.O., 2016. The role of rail in the Australian port-based container market: challenges and opportunities.Australian Journal of Maritime Ocean Affairs, pp.1-21. Gilmour, P., 2013. Benchmarking supply chain operations.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management. Guimarans, D., Harabor, D. and Van Hentenryck, P., 2015. Simulation and Analysis of Container Freight Train Operations at Port Botany.arXiv preprint arXiv:1512.03476. Lee, K.H. and Wu, Y., 2014. Integrating sustainability performance measurement into logistics and supply networks: A multi-methodological approach.The British Accounting Review,46(4), pp.361-378. Prajogo, D. and Sohal, A., 2013. Supply chain professionals: A study of competencies, use of technologies, and future challenges.International Journal of Operations Production Management,33(11/12), pp.1532-1554. Qube.com.au. (2016).Qube | About Qube. [online] Available at: https://www.qube.com.au/about [Accessed 20 Sep. 2016]. Qube.com.au. (2016).Qube | Strategic Assets |Moorebank Logistics Park. [online] Available at: https://www.qube.com.au/strategic-assets [Accessed 20 Sep. 2016]. Sutton, D., 2013. The role of the logistics manager/director.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management. Waters, D. and Rinsler, S., 2014.Global logistics: New directions in supply chain management. Kogan Page Publishers. Zu, X. and Kaynak, H., 2012. An agency theory perspective on supply chain quality management.International Journal of Operations Production Management,32(4), pp.423-446.

How to Remove Comments in Microsoft Word

All those who constantly work in Word, like essay writers, have certainly dealt with the trouble of how to remove comments in Microsoft Word 2010. In case you are pondering on how to remove comments in word 2010 or how to remove comments in word 2017, we can ensure you that with some minor differences, the procedures are nearly the same and we will clarify how to cope with such problem as how to remove comments in Word. So if the question "How to edit my paper?" worries you, proceed reading the article. Stage 1 For all those who experience problems in how to remove comments in word, we can say that you should begin with opening the document of MS Word and choose there the Review tab. Stage 2 The screenshot reveals that the icon Track Changes is highlighted, which prompts that the feature of the Track Changes is on. It is required to deactivate it prior to deleting any paper editor comments. Stage 3 You must click on the icon Track Changes to deactivate it. The screenshot informs the icon Track Changes is no longer active. Stage 4 It is obligatory to address all of the offered changes before removing editor comments. If you are searching the info on how to use Microsoft Track Changes, you should visit Microsoft Word Track Changes Instructions. To get rid of the comment after it was addressed, you should position the cursor at the document's beginning and click the icon Next. Stage 5 Now you are positioned at the first comment. The picture below demonstrates that the first comment is illuminated now. Click the icon Delete to erase the comment that is outlined in red. Stage 6 Now the screenshot demonstrates that the comment is erased. After this, the cursor is moved automatically to the following comment. It is necessary to repeat the stage 5 if you require removing other comments. We hope that our guide has clarified all the doubts on how to remove all comments in word and now you know how to act in this situation.

What Teachers Need to Know About Being a Club Sponsor

What Teachers Need to Know About Being a Club Sponsor Almost every teacher will be approached at some point and asked to sponsor a club. They might be asked by an administrator, their fellow teachers, or the students themselves. Being a club sponsor is full of many rewards. However, before you jump in feet first you should consider exactly what it is you are getting involved in. Student Club Sponsorship Takes Time While this might seem obvious, it is important that you understand the time commitment involved in sponsoring a student club. First, realize that all clubs are not equal. Each club will require work but some require more work than others. For example, a student club devoted to surfing or chess will probably not take as much time as a service club, especially one with a large number of members. Service clubs such as Key Club or the National Honor Society require numerous service projects that are labor intensive on the part of the sponsor. Any extracurricular club activities will require adult coordination and supervision. In order to gauge how much time you will need to set aside for club sponsorship, talk with teachers who have previously sponsored that particular club. If possible, look at the club by-laws and previous year student events. If you feel that the club is too much to take on due to the time commitment you can either choose to decline the invitation or find a co-sponsor for the club. However, if you do choose a co-sponsor, make sure you pick someone you feel will take on 50% of the time commitment. Dealing With Students Within the Club A student club will typically hold an election in which students are chosen to be the president, vice-president, treasurer, and secretary of the club. You should understand that these are the students with whom you will be working the closest. In fact, if the right individuals are chosen for the job, your role will be much simpler. Realize, however, that there might be students involved in the club who do not participate fully. This can lead to problems. For example, if your club has organized an activity and if the one student who is required to bring the drinks does not show, then you will probably be making a quick run to the store and spending your own money to buy the drinks. Money and Dues Sponsoring a student club also means that you will most probably be dealing with dues and monies collected from the students. Before you even begin the process, make sure that you have not only built up a positive relationship with the schools bookkeeper but also that you understand the exact process for collecting money. While there will be a treasurer, as the adult you will be responsible for making sure that the money is treated responsibly. In the end, you will be held responsible if money is missing. School Club Sponsorship Can Be Fun This article was not meant to scare you away from being a club sponsor. Instead, realize that there are many rewards for those willing to put in the time. You will build a stronger relationship with students within the club. You will also learn a lot about the students, more than you can possibly learn while in the classroom setting. Finally, you will have the reward of helping enrich students lives through extracurricular activities.

Social Responsibility and Managerial Ethics Essay

Social Responsibility and Managerial Ethics - Essay Example In this connection, organizations or companies intends considering social responsibility as major initiatives or activities in order to support social causes along with satisfying commitments through corporate social responsibility (Kotler & Lee, 2008). Similarly, managerial ethics are often regarded as the code of moral ideas and values that manage the overall behaviors of an individual. A managerial ethical issue lies in such a situation when the various actions of an organization are observed to have the potential to damage or benefit the stakeholders by creating an impression on their perceived personal values (Draft & Marcic, 2010). Henceforth, in this paper, the importance of social responsibility, various risks that are linked with social responsibility and the important factors in order to overcome those risks will be elaborately discussed followed by a strong conclusion. The main objective of this paper is to make a strong belief that the companies or the organizations shoul d contribute their expensive resources as well as time to supervise their social responsibility. ... It is a part of contemporary managerial ideology which is considered in order to evaluate various decisions, beliefs and actions among others. In context to business operations, a particular organization expects to exercise greater ethical values and perform various responsibilities towards the society (Griifin, 1993). People in the organizations may hold dissimilar views regarding the ethically suitable or unsuitable actions related to a situation which in turn gives rise to ethical conflicts and thus in turn tends to signify the essentiality of managerial ethics and corporate social responsibility (Draft & Marcic, 2010). Social responsibility can be regarded or treated as one of the ethical actions considered by an organization or a company. However, a particular business cannot continue with good performances to a certain extent if it lacks in efficient financial and/or operational strengths. For instance, if the business is making too much loss in expenditures, it eventually inte nds to retrench the production cost that in turn affects the service/product quality hampering customers’ perceived values and leaving the employees jobless. This particular evidence might prove disregarding in relation to social responsibility towards the employees within an organization (Griifin, 1993) Thus, in order to promote a well equipped development within an organization, it is necessary to accept the importance or necessity of social responsibility. The importance of social responsibility is duly considered high because of its assertion towards business in order to enhance economic value, maintain coordination between employees’ work life and personal life, local communities as well as to

The Service Quality in Bunzl Limited from the Customers' Perspective Essay

The Service Quality in Bunzl Limited from the Customers' Perspective - Essay Example It opens up a battle of supremacy between the workers’ union and the management. Watsons also has unnecessarily huge number of managers (actually 40) when the total workforce is just 200. It is impractical to have such a small company having 20 percent of the workforce at the management level. This means there is too much control and pressure towards the ordinary workers. As suggested, Managing Director Gordon Watson operates in a hands-off style where he rarely ventures in the shop-floor. It seems he has added many boxes in the chart so as to be left with little work to do. Organisational design is almost synonymous to organisational architecture. This architecture is designed to enable the company to realise its objectives as outlined in both its mission and vision. It acts as the basic infrastructure that supports all business processes and it should enable the company to take advantage of its core qualities (Triplett 2007). Watsons fails hugely also in this respect owing t o the fact that it operates without a concrete mission or vision. H&M Consulting is depicted as a successful company that has changed with the changing business environment by adopting better organisational structure and design. Considering its large global presence in 120 countries, the company has to have a reliable and practical organisation design and structure. Unlike Watsons, H&M Consulting has more than 13,000 workers meaning that handling all of them is a daunting and tricky task. For this company to be as successful as it is today, it has employed a networked structure with project teams. Most of its operations revolve around managing projects by their engineering experts or... Managing an organisation is not easy especially when operating in an international platform. Nevertheless, this needs not be an excuse for firms’ failure to persistently produce impressive results. There are many international firms that are doing well. However, looking deeply into reasons behind either performance or lack of it, it is clear to see that a great deal lies in the way a firm is managed. Contrary to the popular believe that employees can determine failure or success of a firm, they only do so as secondary participants as they simply act as agents of the management. Therefore, when employees constantly fail to deliver the responsibility should first fall on the management. Issues like organisational design and structure, extent and nature of teamwork, approaches to leadership and management and organisational culture need to be considered and formulated carefully for an organisation to achieve meaningful positive performance on a sustainable basis.

Management and Graphical Front Ends Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management and Graphical Front Ends - Assignment Example MySQL is officially pronounced /maÉ ªÃ‹Å'É›skju:ˈɛl/ ("My S-Q-L"),[2] but is often also pronounced /maÉ ªÃ‹Ë†si:kwÉ™l/ ("My Sequel"). It is named for original developer Michael Widenius daughter My. The SQL phrase stands for Structured Query Language.[3] The MySQL development project has made its source code available under the terms of the GNU General Public License, as well as under a variety of proprietary agreements. MySQL was owned and sponsored by a single for-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, now owned by Oracle Corporation.[4] Members of the MySQL community have created several forks (variations) such as Drizzle, OurDelta, Percona Server, and MariaDB. All of these forks were in progress before the Oracle acquisition; Drizzle was announced eight months before the Sun acquisition. Free-software projects that require a full-featured database management system often use MySQL. Such projects include (for example) WordPress, phpBB, Drupal and other software built on the LAMP software stack. MySQL is also used in many high-profile, large-scale World Wide Web products, including Wikipedia, Google[5] and Facebook.[6] MySQL is a popular choice of database for use in web applications, and is a central component of the widely used LAMP web application software stack  Ã¢â‚¬â€ the LAMP is an acronym for "Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP". Its popularity is closely tied to the popularity of PHP. MySQL is used in some of the most frequently visited websites on the Internet, including Flickr, Facebook, Google  Ã¢â‚¬â€ though not for searches, Nokia.com and YouTube. MySQL works on many different system platforms, including AIX, BSD, FreeBSD, HP-UX, i5/OS, Linux, Mac OS X, NetBSD, Novell NetWare, OpenBSD, OpenSolaris, eComStation, OS/2 Warp, QNX, IRIX, Solaris, Symbian, SunOS, SCO OpenServer, SCO UnixWare, Sanos, Tru64 and Microsoft Windows.  

Electron Transport Chain in Respiratory Complex I

Electron Transport Chain in Respiratory Complex I Introduction Every organism depends on energy to survive, in order to maintain an organized state, homeostasis, through metabolism and other biochemical reactions. Energy is generated in a number of different ways depending on the organism. Mammals create energy through the breakdown of organic molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, that yields other compounds that drives cellular processes. One such compound is ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) an essential energy-carrying molecule that is synthesised by respiration through a series of enzyme protein complexes found in the mitochondria. Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is one of those essential protein complex embedded in mammalian mitochondria. NADH produced by the Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle and ÃŽÂ ²-oxidation of fatty acids, is oxidised to initiate the mechanistic pathway of Complex I, ultimately reducing ubiquinone and establish proton-motive force across the inner membrane of the mitochondria. It is this proton g radient that will support the generation of ATP from ATP synthase and other core processes. Significant research has been conducted on Complex I, particularly from Bovine heart mitochondria, however to date many aspects of this enzyme is still poorly understood due to its complex structural arrangement and pathways undertaken. To decipher its mechanism, will eventually lead to a greater understanding in the role of Complex I in many diseases and dysfunctions. Mitochondria Mitochondria are small sub-cellular organelles involved in a series of processes primarily with its role in the respiratory system. Occupying almost 10% to 30% of cell volumes of sizes ranging between 0.75 and 3ÃŽÂ ¼m, the unique shape of a mitochondrion allows the process to take place, with its key structural feature being a double membrane.1 These two membranes are separated by the intermembrane space and overall enclose the central matrix. Whereas the outer membrane is inundated by porins to facilitate the movement of solutes of about 12 kDa or less; the inner membrane is impermeable to solutes but presents the ideal environment for the establishment of an electrochemical proton gradient, by the presence of numerous protein complexes. Additional compartments of the organelle include the cristae and the mitochondrial matrix, which comprises a plethora of enzymes involved in ATP metabolism. Additionally, a range of studies have also indicated the ability of mitochondria to form dynamic networks of interconnected tubules that regulates the cell structure to adapt to its specific function when required. As a result, during disruption of such networks, cellular dysfunction can occur, leading to a number of neural related syndromes such as Parkinsons and Alzheimers.2,3 Aside from the primary role of energy metabolism, the mitochondria also power other core cellular functions such as apoptosis, calcium handling and the formation of iron sulphur clusters. The following sections discuss the main enzymes involved in the electron transport chain that lead to the generation of ATP, particularly respiratory complex I, which will be the main focus of this thesis. Respiratory Complexes Complex II Also known as succinate: ubiquinone oxidoreductase, complex II is a 120 kDa enzyme consisting of four nuclear-encoded subunits which are arranged in two domains.4 It is this distinctive arrangement which allows this enzyme to oxidise succinate to fumarate which is coupled to the production of ubiquinol through the reduction of ubiquinone in the mitochondrial inner membrane. While it is involved with cofactors, this enzyme complex does not directly contribute to the proton motive force in order to establish a chemical gradient.4,5 Succinate+ Q à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Fumarate + QH2 Equation 1: Two of the enzymes subunits SdhA and SdhB form a hydrophilic, succinate dehydrogenase subcomplex and forms the succinate/fumarate binding site whereas SdhB contains three iron-sulphur clusters which are embedded to the mitochondrial membrane by the remaining SdhC and SdhD subunits.4 These latter subunits contain a heam group and ubiqionone binding sites. When a flavin dinucleotide, which is ligated to SdhA, it oxidises succinate, the electrons produced in this process are passed down through the iron-sulphur clusters. The electrons subsequently allow the reduction of ubiquinone to ubiquinol.6,7 Complex III Complex III or ubiquinol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase is an 240 kDa enzyme which is made up of 11 subunits. Its structure comprises of two ubiquinone binding sites; Qo, present towards the mitochondrial membrane, catalyses the oxidation of ubiquinol to ubiquinone and Qi, present towards the matrix, catalyses the reduction of ubiquinone to ubiquinol.8,9 Complexes I and II produces ubiquinol from the reduction of ubiquinone, which binds to the Qo site on complex III. During this process, an electron is passed along the iron-sulfur cluster reducing it and moving it towards cytochrome c1 and cytochrome c resulting in a conformational change. The change causes a second electron to be transferred through another pathway formed of cytochromes bL and bH towards to Qi binding site, in where it allows the formation of a semiquinone anion through the reduction of an already bound ubiquinone. Parallel to this, a second quinol is oxidised at Qo allowing the electron to be transferred through the first pathway of Rieske iron-sulphur cluster and cytochrome c1 and the second electron follows the second pathway mentioned above to Qi, reducing the semiquinone anion to ubiquinol.10 The oxidation at Qo releases four protons into the inter-membrane space of the mitochondria and the reduction at Qi results in the uptake of two protons from the matrix wh ich are transferred into the inter-membrane space during ubiquinol oxidation. This complete cycle allows the reduction of two cytochrome c molecules.9 QH2 + 2 cyt c3+ + 2H+in à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Q + 2 cyt c2+ + 4H+out Equation 2: Oxidation and reduction cycles in Complex III results in the movement of four protons into the inter-membrane space maintains the proton motive force used by ATP synthase to synthesise ATP.8 Complex IV Complex IV, also known as cytochrome c oxidase, is an enzyme, which comprises of 13 subunits, of which three are encoded by the mitochondrial genome. The enzyme catalyses the oxidation of cytochrome c which leads to the reduction of oxygen to water allowing the translocation of four protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane.11,12 The oxidation of cytochrome c produces electrons that are transferred to an active site where molecular oxygen is reduced. This reduction producing water releases free energy required for the pumping of four protons from the matrix of the mitochondria into its inner-membrane space. This movement of protons is facilitated through two known proton channels: the K-channel passes two protons for the reduction of oxygen and the D-channel allows the movement of newly translocated protons.13 O2 + 4 cyt c2+ + 8H+in à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2 H2O + 4 cyt c3+ + 4H+out Equation 3: The translocated protons and the reduction of oxygen to water allows ATP synthase to generate ATP as this contributes to the proton motive force similar to Complex III. Complex V Primarily known as ATP Synthase, this enzyme complex operates by utilising the proton chemical gradient established in the intermembrane space by the preceding complexes, to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic Phosphate. With an average size of 580 kDa, the enzyme is composed of 16 subunits organised in two hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains; the hydrophobic domain forms a proton conductive pore through the inner membrane while the hydrophilic domain, containing three copies of ÃŽÂ ± and ÃŽÂ ² subunits, spreads into the matrix. The two domains are linked by an asymmetric central stalk and a peripheral stalk, which acts as a stator to prevent the F1 domain rotating freely during catalysis. The interfaces between the two subunits forms the binding sites for ADP and inorganic Phosphate. 14,15 ADP + P+ nH+in à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ATP + nH+out Equation 4 Complex I Complex I, is the first and largest enzyme involved the electron transfer chain of the mitochondrion. Alternatively known as NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, its primary role is to oxidise NADH and ultimately reduce ubiquinone.16 NADH + H+ + Q + 4H+in à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ NAD+ + QH2 + 4H+out Equation 5: Just like the other protein complexes, the potential energy released from the redox reaction within the complex, translocates four protons across the inner membrane for every molecule of oxidized NADH and removes two additional protons from the matrix for the reduction of quinone. The processes contribute to the overall electrochemical gradient which is to be used by ATP synthase to synthesise ATP.17 Structure To date, complex I has been found in a variety of species, including many prokaryotes. The complex I from bovine heart mitochondria is primarily used in studies due to its close sequential identity with the human complex I enzyme. The mammalian complex I is one of the most complex and largest enzymes known, with a combined mass of 980 kDA and composed of at least 45 different polypeptide subunits; with 14 strictly conserved core subunits that are necessary for function and also common across the among all known complex I.16 The significance of the additional subunits in complex I among different species still remain a mystery. It is known some be involved in protection against reactive oxygen species generation and some are required needed for proper assembly and stability of the enzyme.16,18 As observed by single-particle electron microscopy (EM) for both bacterial and mitochondrial enzymes, the determined structure of the enzyme closely resembles to an L shape, with seven hydrophobic core subunits that constitutes the membrane tail domain and seven hydrophilic core subunits that constitutes peripheral (hydrophilic) arm domain protruding into the mitochondrial matrix; which is known as the catalytic domain as it includes all redox centres and binding site while the membrane domain consists mostly of hydrophobic subunits. 16 While the full structure of the eukaryotic complex is not still well characterised, in 2006, Sazanov group successfully reported structure of the hydrophilic domain of complex I from Thermus thermophiles bacteria.20 The Peripheral Arm of complex I The peripheral arm of the complex is composed of seven individual subunits, that together, houses the NADH-oxidizing dehydrogenase module, which provides electron input into a noncovalently-bound flavin mononucleotide (FMN) molecule. The molecule sequentially transfers the electron to a chain of nine iron-sulphur (Fe-S) clusters, eight of which are found in the bovine enzyme. Additionally, the hydrophilic arm also comprises of a Q-module, which conducts electrons to the quinone-binding site for quinol production. 16,20 All of these Within the respiratory chain complexes, there are three different types of Fe-S clusters, two of which, are found in complex I; Two binuclear [2Fe-2S] and six tetranuclear [4Fe-4S] clusters. As the name suggests, the binuclear clusters are composed of two iron atoms that function as bridged by two acid-labile sulphur atoms. Each iron atom is also coordinated by an additional two sulphur atoms found on the surrounding cysteine residues from the protein complex. In the tetranuclear Fe-S clusters, four iron atoms and four sulphur atoms are arranged in a cube with each iron atom also ligated to sulphur cysteine-residue on the surrounding protein, similar to binuclear Fe-S.22 Due to their conformational arrangements and redox capabilities provided by the iron atom, these clusters act as electron transfer agents or also known as ferrodoxins. The detection of these clusters can be achieved by EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) which is successfully achieved in many studies. However, out of the two binuclear and six tetranuclear iron-sulfur clusters found in complex I, only two binuclear and four tetranuclear clusters are EPR active.22 Figure 1.: structures of the iron-sulphur clusters found in complex I. As previously mentioned, seven of the eight clusters, form a 95 Ã…-long extensive chain directly from the flavin site to the quinone binding site on the interface of the membrane domain. Even though the distances between these chains may seem far apart, as much as 14 Ã…, distances are close enough to allow electron transfer to occur.23,24 However, the presence of the eight cluster is still not well understood. Cluster 2Fe[24] found on the opposite side of the Flavin site, is believed not to be involved in electron transfer pathway. While it was just a theory with no evidence, it has been proposed that this additional cluster functions as an electron store that accepts an electron from the flavosemiquinone species preventing the generation of reactive oxygen species during enzyme turnover.24 Membrane Domain of complex I The membrane domain comprises the proton-translocating module which catalyses proton transport. With the exception of subunit ND1 and the quinone binding site, found on the interface of the peripheral arm, the membrane domain functions totally independently from the two arms of complex I. Within the membrane domain, there are four structural subunits that have been identified to be possibly involved with proton translocation; these include subunits ND2, ND4 and ND5. There is also an additional transporter which believed to be either ND1, ND6 or ND4L. Each believed to be transporting one proton per catalytic cycle. Each individual subunits are composed of charged residues and helices that creates half-channels that allow the passage of proton to occur. The membrane structure is also held together by a long ÃŽÂ ±-helix chain that spans across its entire length. Its feature is to maintain and support the integrity of the membrane domain.26 Overall Mechanism of complex I The mammalian complex I includes 45 known proteins, out of which 14 core subunits comprises of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains as explained above.16 The mechanism through the electron transfer chain starts with a Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) molecule which is non-covalently bound to the 51kDa subunit through hydrogen bonds at the top of the hydrophilic domain. FMN molecule oxidises NADH leading to the reduction of iron-sulphur clusters (Fe-S) which transfers electrons from Flavin to the quinone-binding site {51}. This electron transfer distorts the conformation of the protein through changes in its redox state leading to alterations in pKa values of its side chains; these alterations allows four hydrogen ions being pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix.24 It is believed NADH gets oxidised to NAD+ through a hydride transfer avoiding the formation of the unstable NAD. Radical.24 This oxidation process occurs when the nicotinamide ring of the NADH lies above the flavin isoalloxazine system, allowing the electron donor hydride (C4 of the 27 nicotinamide ring) and acceptor (N5 of the flavin) to come within 3.5 Ã… of each other and transfer electrons.28 As explained above, NADH oxidation leads to transfer of electrons through seven iron-sulphur clusters chain between Flavin and quinone reduction binding site in the membrane.20 It is the final Fe-S cluster that donates the electrons to the bound ubiquinone substrate which is believed to be accessed through an entry point in the membrane to the binding site.21 These iron-sulphur clusters are best detected using a technique called electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Previous studies have observed five reduced Fe-S clusters through EPR from Bovine compliex I reduced by NADH, and their spectra are represented N1b, N2, N3, N4 and N5.25 This technique will be further explained throughout this thesis. A much recent study by Roessler et al. (2010) used EPR to understand the tunnelling electron transfer pathway through these clusters. Previous studies have already established EPR signals N1b, N2 and N3 are detected from 2Fe cluster in the 75 kDa subunit (position 2), and from 4Fe clusters in the PSST (position7) and 51 kDa subunits (position 1) respectively along the clusters chain due to interactions with ubisemiquinones and flavosemiquinone. As the other EPR signals have yet failed to be assigned to a particular cluster, Roessler et al. (2010) went on to use double electron-electron resonance (DEER) spectroscopy to detect N4 and N5. Their results demonstrate that N4 is assigned to the first 4Fe cluster in the TYKY subunit (position 5), and N5 to the all-cysteine ligated 4Fe cluster in the 75 kDa subunit (position 3).25 The study propose an alternating energy potential profile for electron transfer along the chain between the actives sites, in B.taurus, which enhances the rate of a single electron travelling through the empty chain subsequently leading to more efficient energy conversion in complex I.25 Followed by the iron-sulfur cluster is the site of quinone reduction. A study performed by Sazanov and Hinchliffe has identified a supposed binding site for the quinone head group from T. thermophilus complex I hydrophilic domain between the 49 kDa and PSST subunits.20 This alleged site is close to the cluster where the ubiquinone substrate accepts electrons from the chain and it has also been acknowledged the 49 kDa and PSST subunits play an important role in quinone binding and catalysis.29 Nevertheless, it is believed that additional hydrophobic subunits may also be involved in quinone binding and these are still being investigated. Even though the mechanism of NADH oxidation and ubiquinone reduction is relatively well understood, how this oxidoreduction leads to quinone reduction and subsequent protons pumping across the mitochondrial membrane from complex I still remain a mystery. A number of theories for complex I mechanism have been proposed based on the proton-pumping systems of the other mitochondrial respiratory complexes. These theories have been outlined below: A direct coupling mechanism as demonstrated by complex IV through cytochrome c oxidase where the proton transfer is determined by a gating reaction occurring at the same time as the electron transfer reaction that started it.30 An indirect coupling mechanism as seen in complex V (ATP synthase) explained previously. A study performed by Efremov et al., suggests that within complex I, one proton is translocated by a directly coupled mechanism at the Fe-S clusters and the rest are moved when quinone reduction drives conformational changes to the four-helix bundle of Nqo4 and of Nqo6 in complex I, subsequently affecting the C-terminal helix of Nqo12. The C-terminal has been identified by the authors running parallel to the membrane. The effect on this helix consequently leads to the other three helices to tilt which results in proton translocation.31 A Q-cycle-like mechanism as represented by complex III where quinol is used as a carrier to transport protons across the mitochondrial membrane. A study completed by Dutton and co-workers suggested the complete reverse of this mechanism for complex I featuring the presence of two ubiquinone binding sites; one facing the inter-membrane space, Qo, and the other facing the mitochondrial matrix, Qi. The quinone substrate would bind at Qi, and be reduced by one electron from a quinol already bound at Qo and another electron from the Fe-S cluster; subsequently leading to two protons being taken up from the matrix while the formed semiquinone specie is still bound at Qo. Following the uptake of the protons, semiquinone is oxidised to ubiquinone.32 Nevertheless, further studies conducted have found no evidence of ubiquinol oxidation signifying complex I do not work through this mechanism.30,33 While the first isolation of complex I from bovine heart mitochondria by Joe Hatefi et al occurred 40 years ago, information on its overall mechanism of action is still very limited particularly the mechanism of redox-proton coupling occurring in the membrane domain. To further understand this, new studies are being conducted to trap radical intermediates formed at the interface of the peripheral and membrane arm to establish the pathway that initiates proton translocation. Semiquinone radicals Semiquinones are catalytic intermediates formed within complex I during the reduction of quinones at the quinone binding site and can exist in neutral or anionic form. Due to the presence of the unpaired electron, semiquinone intermediates can be studied using EPR spectroscopy. There are numerous pathways in which the formation of semiquinones can occur from quinone. The scheme below, proposed by Roessler and Hirst, illustrates the three main possible routes taken to obtain quinol. Pathways A and B involves with the generation of a neutral semiquinone radical specie based on the transferring of a proton and electron. On the other hand, pathway C which follows through pathway B involve with the generation of an anionic radical specie generated from an electron transfer. All pathways lead to formation of quinol by series of electron transfer and protons. The pathway shown in grey which occurs from the protonation of the neutral semiquinone radical specie will result in a 1-electron-2-centre bond which are energetically unstable.27 Aside from one study, majority of the studies till date, have proved the existence of semiquinones by observing EPR signals using submitochondrial particles (SMPs). As the name suggests, these are inverted membrane vesicles housing the entire electron transport chain containing all enzyme complexes.34 However, since quinone cofactors are used by majority of the other complexes, distinguishing the semiquinone signals with each complex, has been far from successful. More recently, there has been a wave of research focusing on the identification of semiquinone radicals exclusively from complex I, however these have proved even more challenging as the organic intermediates produced very low intensity signals. Within complex I, there are two species of semiquinone that have been identified; SQNf and SQNs.35,36 Based on their EPR properties, SQNf or fast relaxing semiquinones has been reported only during the presence of an established proton gradient across the membrane. On the other hand, SQNs or slow relaxing semiquinones, are not effected by proton gradient. The presence of two semiquinones has also lead to the possibility of complex I to contain two separate quinone binding sites; Due to SQNf having a spin-spin interaction with Fe-S cluster N2, it is theorised that SQNf binding site is located close to the cluster at around 12 Ã… estimated distance, in contrast, SQNs binding site is suggested to be located around 30 Ã… from N2 cluster.22,25,37 Within the complex, the SQNf is believed to be involved in proton pumping and its site aids the system by acting as bound co-factor site that facilitates the transfer of one electron from one site to another allowing the formation of a binding pocket for the SQNs in equilibrium with the ubiquinone pool of the membrane.22,25,32,35,38 The presence of two separate quinone binding sites still remains a mystery and cannot be totally ruled out even though it has been suggested that SQNf and SQNs signals are detected from the same semiquinone species located from different sites or present in catalysis states.39 A recent potential way of observing semiquinone intermediates via EPR is through the use of liposomes. Liposomes containing just Complex I or proteoliposomes, will facilitate the capture of semiqinone within its native environment and hopefully provide an insight in the mechanism of Complex I and the binding of Q10. Liposomes Liposomes are spherical nanovesicles used in a variety of applications. Composed of a phospholipid bilayer, these small vesicles have an aqueous solution core surrounded by a hydrophobic membrane. Hydrophobic chemicals associate with the bilayer while the hydrophilic solutes dissolved in the core cannot readily pass through the bilayer; essentially mimicking the cellular phospholipid bilayer. Due to these features, liposomes can be loaded both with hydrophobic or hydrophilic molecules and are excellent drug carriers or in this case house protein complexes. Liposomes are also not naturally occurring and must be artificially generated using lipid extracts by aggregating them.40 As liposomes are formed from naturally occurring lipids of low intrinsic toxicity, they are biodegradable and non-toxic. The functionality of liposomes is dependent based on three main factors. These include: size, bilayer composition and liposome surface properties.40 Phospholipids are one the essential components in the formations of liposomes and can be divided into synthetic and natural phospholipids. They consist of two fatty acids hydrophobic chains linked to a hydrophilic (polar) head group, and they have either glycerol or sphingomyeline as the back bone. Having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic components, make phospholipids having amphipathic molecules.41 The diversity of the hydrophilic head group molecules and hydrophobic chains length allows the formation of different phospholipids which affects the surface charge and bilayer permeability of the liposomes.40 The length and degree of saturation of the hydrocarbon acyl chains determines the stability of the liposomal membrane, by affecting the temperature at which the membrane changes from a closely packed gel phase to a fluid phase. The surface charge of the liposomes is determined by the charge of the lipid forming it which can be altered by modifying lipids with hydrophilic moieties to membrane bilayers.40 Liposomes can be composed of naturally-derived phospholipids such as cholesterol, one of the commonly used lipids in liposome formation. It enhances the stability of the lipid bilayer and form highly ordered and rigid membrane with fluid like characteristics. Other phospholipids, synthetic and non-synthetic, can also be used for the formation of the liposomes such as pure surfactant components like DOPC (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine).42 Classifications of liposomes Liposomes are classified according to their morphological sizes and lamellarity, depending on their composition and method of formation.40 Multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) consists several concentric phospholipid bilayers or lamellar ranging between 100nm to 20  µm in size depending on the method of preparation. These large bilayers allow the integration of lipophilic molecules and proteins. Small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) single phospholipid bilayer and sized between 20 nm to 100nm. Ideal for encapsulation small compounds and proteins. Large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) single phospholipid bilayer with size ranging from 100 nm to 1  µm. They are known to have larger aqueous core compared with or MLVs, making them suitable to useful to load with numerous compounds. Oligolamellar vesicles (OLVs) vesicles similarly structured to MLVs but consists of anywhere between two and five phospholipid bilayers. Multivesicular liposomes (MVLs) When a large liposome vesicle similar in size to an MLV, enclose a group of liposomes, then the subsequent vesicle is known as multivesicular liposome (MVL). Figure 1.40 The current state of research on liposomes have primarily been focusing on the administration of drugs and other compounds to biological systems since it overcome challenges associated with reaching the target, making them very useful in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.40 Furthermore, it should be noted, some surfactant based phospholipids can mimic the biological systems helping construct important model systems for the research on enzymes and membranes. Many recent publications concerning liposomes have been focused on using this mimetic chemistry, which deals with models, mimicking cellular membrane to facilitate the research into their structures as well as the mechanisms both in vivo and in vitro.40 Aims of Project The current state of research on complex I remain largely focused on the determination of the mechanism since only a fraction has been found. Fully understanding will help solve many diseases and other complication caused by complex I. Whereas the mechanism of the reactions between NADH and iron sulphur clusters have been established, little is known about the mechanism of proton translocation as well as the role and existence of semiquinones that will lead into revealing more information into the function of the enzyme. The work described in the following records, using the best technique available, EPR, will aim to be using current studies of using liposomes to mimic cellular conditions, similar to the mitochondrial membrane, for complex I in order to obtain data regarding reduction of Q10 and proton translocation. Materials Preparation of Complex I from Bovine Mitochondria Preparation of Complex I proteoliposomes Stock solutions of 25 mgmL-1 of POPC in chloroform was transferred to a glass homogeniser with the required amount of ubiquinone-10 contained in chloroform. The chloroform was removed under Argon. An alternative approach is to remove under vacuum using rotary evaporator. The resulting phospholipid film was resuspended in 675 ÃŽÂ ¼L of buffer (10 mM Tris-SO4 (pH 7.5) and 50 mM KCl), and extruded 25 times through a Whatman 0.1 ÃŽÂ ¼m pore membrane. The liposome mixture was solubilised with the addition of 160 ÃŽÂ ¼L of octyl-glucoside from an aqueous 10% stock solution, sonicated for 10 min, and further incubated on ice for 10 min. The following steps were carried out at 4  °C. 0.2 mg of AOX (50 ÃŽÂ ¼L of 7.8 mgmL-1) and 0.2 mg of complex I (10 ÃŽÂ ¼L of 20 mgmL-1) were added to the solubilised lipids and incubated for a further 10 min, followed by the addition of 100 ÃŽÂ ¼L of SM2 Biobeads. The mixture wa

Cause of Homelessness :: Papers Exploratory Poor Poverty Welfare Essays

Cause of Homelessness Two trends are largely responsible for the rise in homelessness over the past 15-20 years: a growing shortage of affordable rental housing and a simultaneous increase in poverty. Below is an overview of current poverty and housing statistics, as well as additional factors contributing to homelessness. A list of resources for further study is also provided. POVERTY Homelessness and poverty are inextricably linked. Poor people are frequently unable to pay for housing, food, child care, health care, and education. Difficult choices must be made when limited resources cover only some of these necessities. Often it is housing, which absorbs a high proportion of income, that must be dropped. Being poor means being an illness, an accident, or a paycheck away from living on the streets. In 1997, 13.3% of the U.S. population, or 35.6 million people, lived in poverty (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1998a). While the number of poor people remains has not changed much in recent years, the number of people living in extreme poverty has increased. In 1997, 14.6 million people -- 41% of all poor persons -- had incomes of less than half the poverty level. This represents an increase of over 500,000 from 1995. Forty percent of persons living in poverty are children; in fact, the 1997 poverty rate of 19.9% for children is almost twice as high as the poverty rate for any other age group. Two factors help account for increasing poverty: eroding employment opportunities for large segments of the workforce, and the declining value and availability of public assistance. Eroding Work Opportunities Media reports of a growing economy and low unemployment mask a number of important reasons why homelessness persists, and, in some areas of the country, is worsening. These reasons include stagnant or falling incomes and less secure jobs which offer fewer benefits.